Troubleshooting Fertility and Infertility

Troubleshooting Fertility and Infertility

Fertility problems and infertility or infertility is an issue that is sensitive enough for couples who have children difficult. Even some cases lead to divorce because of problems like this. If you or your partner is having fertility problems, do not be discouraged because in many cases it can be treated with various therapies and treatments with modern technology. Any therapy that can be done on the married couple's fertility problems?

 

Infertility or infertility
One of the most feared is infertility or infertility are often associated with infertility in one pair. For women, infertility or infertility caused by failure releasing eggs or ovaries can not produce mature eggs. Thus, ovulation does not occur so that the egg does not enter the fallopian tubes which can not cause conception. This condition is referred to as an ovulation disorder. Other causes are closed or blocked fallopian tubes or oviducts. Or the presence of endometriosis or cysts are often known as the uterine lining tissue grows outside the uterus.
As for men, infertility is often caused by the absence of sperm production in the sperm sac. Even if no sperm production, but there are so few that when he entered into the vagina, there is no sperm successfully fertilize an egg.

 Vitro
One method to overcome infertility or infertility is IVF. IVF was first done on a baby girl named Louise Joy Brown in the UK on July 25, 1978. The process is done by taking eggs from the ovaries and the mother together with the father's sperm in a liquid medium in laboratory glassware. Then the egg is fertilized in the laboratory. After the egg is fertilized, about two and a half days later, the egg has divided into eight cells are very small. Then inserted into the uterus or womb to develop normally into a baby. Since then, various therapies and technologies developed to overcome fertility problems in both men and women.
IVF is done by a process known as in vitro fertilization (IVF) or in vitro fertilization. IVF is a momentum for the development of treatment and subsequent therapy for assistive technologies or assisted reproduction reproductive technology (ART). ART includes various treatments for fertility problems. Includes egg from another woman and fertilized to develop in the womb of another woman. 1994 in Italy, a 62-year-old woman who has not had eggs gave birth to a baby from another woman's egg is fertilized by the sperm of her husband. So many methods that can be done to overcome fertility problems.
 Various treatment techniques or Infertility Infertility Problems
 

There are several types of treatment for fertility problems in both men and women. In addition to IVF, the following treatments have also been through a series of research and its success rate is quite satisfactory for couples who have fertility problems.
But before you use one of the methods of treatment of fertility problems, you should make a thorough research first and discuss both the medical experts and the religious leaders. Some religious groups consider some type of method of artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization, including violation of religious law. This is especially if the conception or development of babies in the womb and not the mother who provides the egg or sperm is not used from their own husband. In other words, for some religious groups, if it involves a third party and the media both as donor insemination are not lawful husband or wife, it was a breach of religious law. Because it is a matter of choosing this treatment is a personal decision each couple and need to be discussed in depth.
Before deciding to choose the type of treatment techniques for infertility or infertility issues, you should ask more of the medical experts who deal with your problems. Ask any disadvantages and advantages of each technique for you and a partner. And ask the various risks that can happen to you and your partner. Several types of treatment techniques for infertility or infertility problems who have high success rates of these are:
• Artificial Insemination
Artificial insemination or artificial insemination (often abbreviated as AI) is done by inserting semen containing sperm from the male to the female reproductive organs without the sex or not naturally. Semen containing sperm is taken with certain tools of a husband and then injected into the wife's uterus so that fertilization and pregnancy. Usually the doctor will recommend artificial insemination as a first step before applying any therapy or other types of treatment.


• GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer)
GIFT which stands for Gamete intrafallopian transfer is a technique that was introduced in 1984. The goal is to create a pregnancy. The process is done by taking eggs from the ovary or ovaries women are matched with male sperm cells that have been cleaned. By using a tool called a laparoscope, the egg and sperm are brought together is inserted into the fallopian tubes or tubes of women through a small incision in the abdomen through laparoscopic surgery. So expect immediate fertilization and pregnancy.
• IVF (In Vitro Fertilization)
IVF or In Vitro Fertilization is also known as IVF procedure. At first the woman's egg and sperm are fertilized in fertilization media outside a woman's body. Then after fertilization, embryos result which was inserted into the uterus through the cervix.
• ZIFT (Zygote intrafallopian transfer)
Zygote intrafallopian transfer or ZIFT is technique or cell zygote transfer of the fertilized egg. This process is done by collecting eggs from a woman's ovary and fertilized outside her body. Then after the egg is fertilized, put back into the fallopian tubes or tubes through abdominal surgery with laparoscopic surgery. This technique is a combination of IVF and GIFT techniques.
• ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection)
ICSI or Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection is done by inserting a sperm directly into the egg. With this technique, the sperm cells that are less active or not cooked can be used to fertilize an egg.
So you do not need to worry if your partner is experiencing infertility or infertility problems, because everything can be solved with a variety of modern technologies available today.

Maternal Healthy Planning Programs

Men role through family planning programs in Maternal Health

 

According to the WHO definition, Maternal mortality is the death of a woman that occurred during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days after delivery with a cause related directly or indirectly to labor.
WHO estimates that 585,000 women die every day from complications of pregnancy, childbirth and unsafe abortion due to unwanted pregnancy. Almost all of these deaths could be prevented. WHO also reported that about 80% of maternal deaths are due to increased complications during pregnancy during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum. The remaining 20 percent of maternal deaths indirectly caused by anemia, malaria, hepatitis, heart disease and diabetes.
In Indonesia, maternal mortality remains high in Indonesia ASEAN region despite decreased from 307/100 thousand live births (IDHS 2002-03) to 263/100 thousand live births (BPS 2005) when compared with the rate in neighboring countries near , Thailand 129/100 thousand, Malaysia 39/100 thousand and Singapore 6/100 thousand.
The high maternal mortality rate is not independent of the high number of unwanted pregnancies that reached 16.8 percent were associated with higher abortion. Abortion itself contribute to maternal mortality to 13 per cent. On the other hand there are still many pregnancies are not ideal (too much, too young, too old, and too closely spaced pregnancies), which is very dangerous for the mother's health or more in the know with '4 T '. Currently in Indonesia, pregnant women with high risk pregnancies in connection with the '4 'was of 22.4 percent with the details of pregnant too young (<18 years) by 4.1 per cent, women are too old (> 34 yrs) of 3, 8 percent, birth spacing is too close (<2 years) of 5.2 percent, and the number of children is too many (> 3 persons) by 9.4 percent.
Most of the maternal deaths could have been avoided if they received help health professionals. Unfortunately it was too late to obtain relief because they do not recognize the signs of life-threatening complications, slow decision to seek help, it is very far to get adequate treatment is often called late '3 '. Ignorance of the danger that is still experienced by most of the husbands. Not an exaggeration to Ranson and Yinger (2002) from the Population Reference Bureau (U.S.) in his book, Making Motherhood Safer, quoting Indonesian man whose wife died in childbirth, "No one told me, I did not know that my wife could die from childbirth. The man will do anything more if we know the risk of it ".
 
MALE ROLE IN PROGRAM KB
 
Of the various problems mentioned above it is clear that maternal mortality was diebabkan by many factors, not just because of the health factor alone. There are many other factors to be followers of social, cultural, economic, including gender and family planning. So very beralasanan when President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) in his speech at the XIV Harganas in Ambon said:
                "To suluruh levels of government to succeed Revitalization Program for Family Planning. To the governor, regent, mayor and all government leaders to appear in front to the success of this program. To the Board of BKKBN, I Intruksikan order to improve its performance to provide services to the community planning program very well, ask for help and consult with religious leaders, community leaders, traditional leaders and informal leaders. Choose a methodology and appropriate ways, protect human rights, including reproductive rights, and the rights of women to be free from violence. Remember Family Planning is not just one more time, not just the sheer growth control programs, but also birth control programs and child care in a healthy and humane. We must reduce the number of maternal deaths, during labor and child mortality at birth or at the age of five. It is a noble humanitarian mission, a humanitarian mission essential and obligatory for us to run with the best. "
 
Thus the family planning program has a positive effect in accelerating the reduction of maternal mortality rate (MMR) and Infant mortality rate (IMR).
While the role of man in family planning and reproductive health programs related to maternal health is like a family planning acceptors, supportive wife to use contraceptives, menrencanakan number of children with her partner, helping to maintain and improve the health of pregnant women, planning a safe delivery by skilled health; avoid delays in seek immediate medical attention; help nursing mothers and babies after birth.
 
Things that can Make
 
Many things can be done in family planning maternal health include:
 
First, socialize Too '4 'to the community. This is the first step to do men in family planning, such as determining how many children you want and how many years birth spacing. Be aware also that a high risk of maternal death if too many kids, too old, and too young at the time of delivery.
Age less than 20 years old and older than 35 years, the number of children of more than four, and pregnancy spacing less than 2 years. A mother after delivery requires two or three tahjun to be fit and prepare for the next delivery. Without planning, unwanted pregnancy terminated by abortion in general, and the practice of unsafe abortion may improve maternal death.
Second, support the use of contraceptives for both men and for his wife. Husband should also accompany her to see a counselor or health worker KB, so that they can together determine methods of contraception are available and choose the one appropriate method, anticipate the side effects and how to overcome them.
The results of randomized studies found that contraceptive use increased significantly on the wife whose husband took part in contraceptive counseling compared with wives whose husbands are not involved in counseling. The use of family planning contributes to reducing maternal mortality of about 20 percent, if it can prevent unnecessary pregnancies or unwanted.
Third, socialize Standby husband to avoid late '3 '. Delays often contributing to maternal mortality in the event of complications kahamilan. Three delays at risk for maternal health, which is too late to take a decision, go late service, and delayed obtaining medical help. Her husband and other family members play an important role in getting the service as soon as possible. My husband is usually the key decision-makers when the wife's condition in need as soon as possible.
Most of the maternal deaths that occurred between three days after delivery, due to infection and bleeding. The results found maternal deaths could be prevented if the husband can identify potential complications after delivery and always be ready to seek help if it occurs.
Fourth, encourage each delivery conducted by health personnel. Husband can plan when and where delivery should be done so there is no delay in getting help labor. To that end, be prepared vehicles and materials needed for the labor and the newborn child, and provides cost.
Fifth, healthy socialization for pregnant women. Husbands and wives need to get proper antenatal care, this examination is an important step for the health and safety of his wife and unborn child. This is so that pregnant mothers avoid anemia and a deficiency of Vit A.
 
To reduce maternal mortality, which also required a national movement involving all parties, with the comprehensive programs and activities, relevant, scalable and balanced and ultimately the role of men / husbands in the program will be able to encourage the improvement of quality of family planning services, increasing gender equality , increased respect for human rights (Human Rights), and the positive effect of accelerating decline in the total fertility rate (TFR), the decline in the maternal mortality rate (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR). (PMS; from various sources)

Health Issue

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Issues
At this time the better health and thus life expectancy also increased, to keep abreast of contemporary public interest to read more meningkat.Semakin growing interest in the need for reading glasses then.
Glasses are needed by the community obtained from an optical. According to the Ministry of Health Decree No. 1424/Menkes/SK/XI/2002 stating that bifocal is a means of organizing health care basic eye examination, inspection and service refraction correction glasses and contact lenses.
At this time the response to refractive disorders more common to use glasses, refractive disorders experienced by children and adults, and also by the age of 40 years is called presbyopia. Presbyopia is a habit which the eye near vision decreases caused by lower power usage is necessary accommodation for glasses with bifocal lenses for reading and serves to look far.
Glasses are also able to beautify and enhance the patient's face to produce the glasses are comfortable to wear, it should be standardized because it is not only improper correction that can affect the wearer comfort, but also influenced by the high segment, the segment is not exactly high when the patient was uncomfortable wearing glasses .
In making a Refraksionis Optisien glasses should be able to put higher and higher segment installation in accordance with the needs of patients that glasses are comfortable to wear. Factors affecting the use of bifocal lenses such as posture, height and type of work. People who work indoors requires high placement higher segment of people - those who work in the field, because if

high placement segment that is too high will interfere with vision so difficult to walk.
For high measurement segment to do with subjective and objective methods. Subjective method is a method that involves marking the center line of the lens demolens horizontal and vertical lines marked every 2 mm, glasses and paired to the patient and observe the patient. The method is a method that uses objective measurements using a ruler PD. But this is not shed a point or pre - marking the lens. But the ruler used to measure directly the height. Orientation to vertical hatching PD should. The practitioner then measure the distance between the reference point to the lowest part of which is located below the rim (leaving for the bevel).
Effect of high measurement inaccuracy and high segment installation can impair vision. Therefore higher segment a supporting factor in the provision of bifocal lenses in patients with presbyopia. This will provide comfort to patients with presbyopia novice adaptation takes a long time.

1.2 Scope of the Problem
Based on the background of the writing of this proposal the scope of issues to be discussed is the change in height of segment bifocal glasses.

1.3 Discussion and Focus Issues
In this proposal are necessary restrictions so that aspect will be discussed enough on track the truth. Focus on issues to be discussed are subscription "High Influence Seen From Segi Job Segments"





1.4 The purpose Writers
The reason the authors chose the discussion material object of this proposal are as follows:
1. To complete one of the requirements in completing the Diploma program at Foundation Academy Refraction Optisi Binalita Sudama.
2. To deepen the knowledge of the change in height of the bifocal lens segment in terms of employment.
3. The author hopes that this paper provides benefits to the reader, especially for the writer himself.






















CHAPTER III
CASE DETERMINATION OF STEPS


3.1. Refraction Examination
Examination of refraction can be done by two methods, namely the examination objective examination of the subjective examination.
Objective examination is a method of examination in which the examination is determined by the sipemeriksa hasit. Sipemeriksa must be skilled in using the tools of examination. The tools that band is used: Autorefrakto, streak retinoscopy, Keratometer.
Examination of opinion is a method of examination in which the yield is determined from the examination of good cooperation between the examiner and patient. Tools used: optotype, trial frame, triai lensset, red green, card reading Refraction examination.
Patient data:
Name: Rudi
Age: 52 Years
Address: Jln. Fishing rod I Martubung
Gender: Male - Male
Occupation: Owned Enterprises

a Anamnesa
- Blurred vision near and far
- Wear sunglasses ± 5 years
- Examination of glasses last I year ago
- Want to replace the old glasses, because it is not bad to use




b Inspection Observation clan
- Examining the patient's eyes watched the ball and there were no abnormalities of the eyelids, eyeball, pupil, cornea and tastes
- By means of bifocal flashlight and ruler to measure pupil inspectors observed clan.
- Diameter pupil: 4 mm
- Form pupil: round
- Uptown pupil: average
- Reflek.s pupil: fast

3.2. Preliminary examination
3.2.1. PD measurement distance away binoculars
a. Patients sit parallel to the examiner clan is at a distance of 40 cm
b. Examining a close eye on the right clan berfiksasi patient's left eye examiner open
c. Examiner to use a flashlight to see the light reflex in the right eye patients
d. Examining put the bar across the nose PD patients, ie zero scale on the patient's right eye pupil center
e. Then the examiner's left eye closed and opened his right eye right where patients berfiksasi kemata open inspectors.
f. Examining how the scale reading on the ruler at the center of the patient's left eye pupil shows the scale 62 mm, so far binocular PD patients 62 mm.

3.2.2 Measurement of PD Close
a. Investigator and patient sit within 30 cm
b. Examining the dominant eye in the middle of putting the patient's nose
c. Examining blind eye is not
d. Patients berfiksasi to open eyes
e. Examining PD Meter puts the right eye at the center of the pupil to the center of the patient's left eye pupil
f. So close binocular PD patients 60 mm

3.2.3 Measurements Near the convergence point (NPC)
a. PD ruler placed on the outside of the eye patients kantus
b. Examiner told the patient to see objects that are in the hands of the examiner.
c. Object slowly brought closer to the eye patients
d. Then the examiner asked the patient to say stop when the objects are shaded.
e. At the shaded object at a distance of 10 cm.

3.2.4 Second Eye Movement Examination (Version)
a. Patients were told to see the object inspector indicated above, down, left and right.
b. Seen muscle movement skills in a position that is made to get the value of the ability of the muscles of the eyeball movements of the patient, by asking the patient to follow the movement of the object (finger probe)
c. Patients with good follow movement. Means the movement of the eyeballs of normal patients all directions.

3.2.5 Test Eye Dominance
a. The patient holds the paper size IS x 15 cm with a 2 cm diameter hole in the middle as far as long-hand.
b. Patients see optotype located at a distance of 6 m
c. Both eyes open and slowly lifted the paper to see the letters E through the hole.
d. Then the patient's eyes closed alternately
e. At the time the right eye left eye closed optotype but look at his left eye closed right eye patients can not see eye optotype so patients are left eye dominant.

3.2.6 Long Eye Examination
a. Examination of old eyeglasses by using the tools Lensometer
b. Turn lensometer, stel oculer so objects appear sharper and clearer where the scale of power in the zero position
c. Place the right lens glasses with a position back vertex power
d. Then the object does not look very clear on the size away
e. Turn the scale so that the object looks the sharpest, the importance of the size of the remote for the RS + 1:00 D, then the lens is moved in the segment to see the size of him.
f. Then place the lens segment and obscures any lensometer
g. Turn the power scale so it looks the sharpest, the importance of the size of the nearby S + 300 D.
h. Repeat examination of the left eye, which results in the right eye and the left alike.
i. So to ADDnya is S + 2:00 D


3.3. In Objective Refraction Examination Using Retinoscopy Streak
3.3. 1 Inspection Procedure For OD:
a. Examination conducted diruangan dark
b. Investigator and patient sitting across from a distance of 50 cm
c. Pair trial frame using the working lens +2. OOD
d. Point Streak Retinoscopy on the patient's right eye while the left eye to light berfiksasi patients who are at a distance of 6 m, it will show the direction of movement in the direction of reflex pale color, not very wide and slow moving, so these patients have abnormal hypermetropia
e. Then the examiner gives the lens correction starts from S +0.50 D then put another reflex is sloppy or neutral shadows, the correction given S + 1:00 D.

The procedure checks for OS:
a. Do the same as above at point a, b, c and d.
b. Then give the lens correction starts from S + 0.75 D but there is no change then add another S + 1:00 D so its movement so chaotic or neutral.

3.4. In Subjective Refraction Examination
- Visual acuity Old Glasses 6/22 - * S + 1:00 D ODS A. For Eyes Right
a. The patient sits facing the Snellen card at a distance of 6 m.
b. In the face of our patients with PD pair of trial frames 62 mm.
c. On our left eye lid with oculuder.
d. Patients were asked to read the Snellen card of the greatest letters and continued until the patient can see clearly clan read the letter.
e. Apparently the patient can not read anymore on row 3, the visual acuity without corrective lenses only achieved 6/30.
f. Put the lens correction (-) first and answering patient escape, then we give the lens (+) patients apparently expressed more brightly then given corrective lenses Visusnya S + 1:00 D 6/30.
g. The addition of + 1.25 S lenses virus reaches 6/6
h. Means we give patients the lens correction S + 1, 25 D Reach 6/6

B. Left Eye
a. Do the same thing at point of 1-10, where the corrections S + 1, 25 D reached 6/6
b. Patients were asked to adapt to ± 15 minutes.


With the addition of Add appropriate age
a. Then the examiner gives the patient card reading.
b. Then the patients were told to look at card reading, it turns out the patient as a whole can not be read only until the J-4
a. Patients given lens correction S + 2.25 D according to age for left and right eyes.
b. Patients were told to look at reading cards, which patients can read up to a line Jl.
c. So proximity correction S + 3.50 D.

3.5. Test accuracy of mononuclear
By using red green test:
a. Pair trial frame according to the PD 62 mm with lens correction R / L S +1.25 D.
b. The patient was told to see a line of black circles on the card is red-green.
c. We closed one eye is on the patient's left eye and ask Iingkaran black on green black and red are the same.
d. When red means over black clearer, more vivid green means under correction.
e. Close your eyes open is the right eye which the patient sees the red and green circles. Patients say Iingkaran black on red and green for both eyes (ODS) as black. Means the correction of errors for both eyes is right.


3.6. Balance Test
a. After obtaining a lens correction ODS: S + 1.25 D Add: S +2.25 D
b. Enter oculuder the patient's left eye and right eye can see said optotype on the eighth line is clear.
a. Then the patient's right eye lid. Here also said that as obvious as the patient's right eye.

3.7. Test End Point Binocular
Using the elder duke test:
a. After correction for the right eye and left eye visual acuity obtained with both 6/6 then do test DE (Duke Elder Test), by placing the lens S + 0.25 D in both eyes and then asked to see the patient and told to compare optotype clear whether a given lens plus a added new or obscure.
b. If the patient says that with plus 5 +0.25 D lens blurred vision correction is the right means.
c. The assessment for the Duke Elder Test is negative.

3.8. Cover Test
a. Patients were told to sit facing the optotype at a distance of 6 m.
b. Pair trial frame according to the PD patients with corrective lenses ODS S +1.25 D.
c. Patients berfiksasi on line 8 or 6/6
d. Then the left eye (OS) of patients means closed eyes open is the right eye (OD), left eye closed if there is no movement in the right eye then the eye is not julingl
e. Then when the left eye is opened we noticed that young no eye movement left no phoria.
f. Both eyes means ortophoria.

3.9. Diagnosis
From the results of the above diagnoses for both eyes is Hypermetropia ODS + presbyopia.


3.10. Translating Recipes
1. Patients are advised to wear goggles in accordance with the results of the examination are:
a. ODS: S + 1.25 D
b. Add: S + 1.25 D
2. Patients are recommended to control 6 months
3. The patient noticed a good reading distance is a distance of 30 - 40 cm. do not
    read a dim place.




CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 presbyopia
2.1.1 Definition and Causes Presbyopia.
Presbyopia is a vision disorder close in the suffering by people who are elderly.
Causes of presbyopia occurs because:

1. It is the process of aging itself.
The older a person the functions of the organs in the body also caused additional power menurun.Penurunan hardening that occurs in the lens of the eye, as well as reduced power contraction of the muscles that cause relaxation zonulla ciliaris zenii be imperfect situation occurs physiologically.

2. Age Factor
That someone more rapid aging process whiskers patient age 37 years but because of the process ketuaanya faster then the patient should wear glasses when reading.

3. Hormones decline
The decrease in hormones that lens development is interrupted, for example in menopausal women.
As a result of additional disorders patients aged over 40 years will have complaints while reading the watery eyes, the eyes feel sore, can not read small letters.
2.1.2 Addition Addisi By Age The Used In Indonesia. AGES Add

40 years
42-44 years
45 years
47-49 years
50 years
52-54 years
55 years
57-59 years
60 years
And so on
+1.00 Diopters
+1.25 Diopters
+1.50 Diopters
+1.75 Diopters
+2.00 Diopters
+2.25 Diopters
+2.50 Diopters
+2.75 Diopters
+3.00 Diopters
+3.00 Diopters



2.2. Lens Bifocals
2.2.1. Definition Lens Bifocals
Bifocal lens is a lens that has two points of focus, namely distance and close range. Bifocal lens was first invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1785 and used to correct presbyopia sufferers. Bifocal lens consists of two parts, namely:

a. At the top is called the major lens (lens master) that serves to correct distant vision.
b. The lower part of the lens is called the segment that serves to correct near vision to read the correct distance.




There are 2 types of bifocal lenses:
a. System Fused bifocal
This lens is made with ingredients and different refractive index while the same curvature resulting in different strengths. Examples: bifocals, kryptok, flat top, one piece.
b. Solid System Bifocals
These lenses are made where the material and the same refractive index, causing different curvature while power berbeda.Contohnya: Lens executive.

2.2.2. Bifocals Lens Type
Bifocals Lens division based forms a segment. Executive
Forms straigh across the major lens (lens parent) and segments separated by a straight line. The form of this segment are the executive segment in the form of a straight segment across the segment boundaries are very clear





FIG. Executive

b. Round Top
Round top shape segments are segments that form rounded at its peak. There is one piece on the lens, kryptok. Limitation or the line between the lens and the major segments are not so clear on the central segment OC kelihatanjetak geometik segment.




FIG. Round Top
c. Flat Top
A form of segments that have peaks and thicker straight segments of Round Top. Put the OC segment in the middle of the round, in terms of cosmetics is not good because of the segment looked lenses.




Image: Flat Top

2.3. Factors Affecting High-Segment View of Work
Work requiring a much larger field of view, and needs a little close (like driving) will require a lower segment, while prioritizing work Iebih close will require a higher segnien.

2.4. Fitting Precautions Current Already Wearing Bifocals
High position size relative to segment the limbus at the spectacles now. High position segments on the same frame when the patient had to wear bifocal lenses before and was satisfied with the high current segment ini.Maka in high need of the same segment.
Bifocal specs will be the same if the selected frame is the same as the previous. To get a point references the same in the eyes of patients who choose a different frame, then a different height. Factors ¬ factors such as frame size, frame shapes clan bridge will affect the final height was in order.

2.5 Relationship Position Segment Frame With tinggu
The principle that must be held in an RO frames ministry perkacamataan is to be purchased by the patient should be in a standard position, if the frame, bought in a state that does not cause disruption of the standard vision and comfort in the use of bifocal eyeglasses especially sunglasses.
Some parts of the frame that must be considered to determine whether a frame is standard or not the position of the second temple, angle and position nosepad pantoscopic.

a. Both positions Rim
if in a second frame rim is not standard then result in:
• X-ING: A condition in which the second frame rim each other
                            cross / spinning.
• Variant Vlaens: A condition in which the position of the frame rim parallel
                            but one little fall, this happens when
                            mounting frame, especially on a plastic frame.
• Face Form: A condition where there is a corner of the frame
                           Excessive between the nasal edge at the time of measurement.

If the above occurs in a frame, it can be high causing the segment is not the same between the two lenses on the glasses, it's certainly going memgganggu the vision and comfort of use.
To solve the above problem, then we need to fix certain parts in order to frame a standard that is:
- Hold the frame along with two lenses and two eyewire with the thumb on the side of the lens towards the second luar.Lengkungkan needed around the bridge, as the bridge is a fulcrum.
- Hold both hands eyewire and rotate in the opposite direction until the second field to be parallel.
b. The position of Second Temple
- In a frame that we need to consider is the handle of the temple opening angle tersebut.Apakah angle narrowed or widened. If the temple be narrowed opening angle up the pressure on the temples and the base of the ear, causing pain in the eyeglass wearers.

And if the second wide receiver opening angle lens will go down and touching pipijika views of cosmetics is not good.
In this case the use of bifocal lenses will interfere with the top of the segment near objects or far vision area.
When opening up the temple wide angle then be overcome by:
- Angled End piece towards the
- Add Face form
- Angled handle frames when dipelukan
- Lekukanlah band along the track down into the ear goggles sipemakai
When opening up the angle narrows the temple be overcome by:
- Angled outward endpiece
- Reduce face form
- Angled handle frames when dipelukan
- Lekukanlah band down out / solved in accordance with the patient's ear path

c. Angle Pantoscopic
Pantoscopic angle is the angle of inclination on a frame / sunglasses. If pantoscopic angle less than 4 ° will result in glasses riding position that will touch the eyebrows mata.Dan if greater than 18 ° position of the glasses will go down and touch pipi.Hal clearly affects the use of glasses both in terms of cosmetics and in terms of vision . bifocal glasses for usage greatly affect the segmen.Sebab when a frame is too up or too down it will disrupt their vision either through segments or the lens away.
If the glasses rise up to touch the eyebrows then be overcome by:
- Increase the slope of the angle pantoscopic
- Spreading bridge (bridge bends towards the outside)
- Lowering the glasses frame to widen the distance with both nosepad
- Shortening the arm guard

And when the glasses down so that it touches the cheek then be overcome by:
- Reduce the slope of the angle pantoscopic
- Narrows bridge (bridge bends inward)
- Increase the distance narrows frames with both nosepad
- Grow long arm guard

d. Second Position Nosepad
In this area there are three angles nosepad a benchmark to determine if the position is standard or belum.Ketiga nosepad angle:
1. Frontal angle when viewed from the front, the frontal angle the standard 200
2. Splay angle when viewed from the front, but the frame is reversed, the standard large splay angles between 25 ° -30 °
3. Vertical angle when viewed from the side, the standard vertical angle between 10-1 5.Apabila nosepad second distance is too wide, then the frame will come down to touch his cheek. And when the second position nosepad narrows the nasal surface suppress painful and position the frame up that may affect the use of bifocal lenses if you want to see close objects and less in terms of cosmetics look good.
If both nosepad widened and lead glasses down to touch his cheek, then be overcome by:
- Raise the glasses frame by narrowing the distance nosepad
- Narrowing bridge, the bridge towards the mambengkokan
- Grow long arm guard
- Reduce the slope of the angle pantoscopic.
And when the second position nosepad narrowed the lead frame which can suppress surface up nose then be overcome by means of:
- Spreading bridge, the bridge bend outward.
- Shortening the arm guard
- Adding the slope of the angle pantoscopic.
- Lowering the glasses frame to widen the distance with both nosepad.

Aliran Ilmu Kalam

Flow Karamiyah
Flow Karamiyah believe that Divine kalam consists of sounds and letters, and the word of the divine nature and blends tradition with the substance of Allah, and they say that there is no problem to embrace the nature of the tradition in which substances qadim.Allama Hilli Karamiyah following comment on the opinion, "Mandatory al-Being (Allah) does not accept the nature of the hadith (the new one) with three arguments: first, the Hadith's and the new God's substance causes a change in the nature reactive in him where it really contradicts the substance Mandatory al-Being, because each change of the nature of the object-matter and God is not material and objects. Secondly, if God Almighty is seen as a cause of the nature of this tradition, the nature of the hadith must be preexisting, because why are preexisting, while you say that the hadith is something new manifest (ie never gone and now there), and if the substance because it is not a matter Mandatory al-Being then kemestiannya is that he possesses traditions and need to something else, and it is also not feasible for Compulsory al-Being. Third, if the hadith was included kamaliyah properties (attributes of perfection) then it is impossible that property not included in the ranks of the attributes of God, because God surely has all attributes of perfection and if the tradition of the nature of the defects and deficiencies impossible God has these properties.
There is a link between the meaning of the language and terminology Murjiah that these groups may be called by the Murjiah. The name is derived from the word irja. Because they charity menagguhkan after the intention and purpose. As may also be called from the second meaning that they believe it's immoral not endanger the faith as well as obedience is not beneficial to the increase of faith. They give hope (irja) reward people who engage in immoral acts in the sight of Allah.Murjiah Group is divided into three types, as mentioned Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taimyiah:First type: Those who say faith is only in the liver. Among them are those who enter into it heart charity. They are the largest group Murjiah and among them are some who do not enter into the heart charity iman.seperti Jahm bin Safwan.Type two: People who say faith than mere words. This is the opinion Karamiyah class.The third type: People who say that faith justifies only in the hearts and sayings. This is the opinion of the jurists Murjiah.Shaykh al-Islam said, And so are Murjiah moderate their heresy is heresy jurist who was no infidelity to her. The scholars do not dispute in this case. If there are our comrades who put them into the realm of heresy disbelief then this is a mistake. They (Murjiah moderate) did not include ama-charitable acts within the scope of faith. Berartu abandonment obligations. The Murjiah eksrtrim are people who deny the torments of hell and faith that texts containing terrifying threats essentially nothing. Speech is dangerous and means abandonment obligations. Elsewhere he says of experts from among Murjiah Fiqh, then reneged and menvonis Salaf very heretical and blame their opinions. I do not know anyone from the Salaf menvonis them infidels. Even they agree this group is not dikafirkan. One of the arguments brought scholars have confirmed that Murjiah not infidels. Anyone who quotes from Imam Ahmad or any other infidel menvonois them or categorize them into heresy that is still disputed ahlul disbelief then indeed he has concluded with very wrong.By viewing the contents of the teachings and exhortations Sunan Bonang horoscope written in the book Het Boek Van Bonang, at least there are a number of classical Arabic books were thought to have become a reference source of teaching Walisongo. Some of the book, include:1. Ihya 'Ulumuddin works Hujjatul Islam Imam Abu Hamid al-Ghozali2. Tamhid (fi bayanit-Tawhid Wa Wa Hidayati fi Kulli Mustarasyid Rashid) works Syakur bin Abu Shoaib al-Hanafi as Kasi al-Salimi (live at the end of the century 5 H).3. Talkhis work Minhaj al-Imam Nawawi,4. Quth al-Qulub by Abu Talib al-Makky5. Minutes of Makkiyah fi al-Tariq al-Sada al-Sufiyyah works Afifuddin at-Tamimi,6. Al-Anthaki. Regarding al-Anthaki, there are two possibilities, namely Abu Muhammad al-Anthaki Faulah a poet of Banu al-Mu'iz age Fatimids Li Dinillah (341-365 AH) and Zaman al-Aziz Billah (365-386 AH) or David al-Anthaki author of Tazyinul Asywaq bi Tafshil Asywaq Al Usysyaq or Nu'aim Ahmad ibn Abu Abdillah al-Isfahani author of the book Hilyatul Auliya 'who holds Ahmad bin Asim Al-Anthaki.Besides some of the above books author name, found also the name of the characters such as Abu Jazid Tasyawwuf Al-Basthami, Muhyiddin Ibn 'Arabi, Sheikh Ibrahim al-Iraqi, Shaykh Abdul Qodir Gilani, Sheikh Semangu Asarani (?), Ar-Rudaji Shaykh, Shaykh sabti (?), Pandita Sujadi Waquwatihi (?).It can be concluded that the doctrine Walisongo, covering the science of jurisprudence (Shari'a), the science of kalam - which includes science and Ushuluddin monotheism, and also taught science tasyawwuf like mysticism, and mystics tarikat.
2.Beberapa discourse Sunan BonangThe content of the teachings and exhortations contained in the book Sunan Bonang horoscope work can be summarized as follows:First of all, Sunan Bonang Basmalah started writing with readings and praise, and then show the intent and purpose of writing the contents of horoscope, which is to convey the teachings of the science of mysticism. Science covers science Ushuluddin mysticism, Tawheed, and Tasyawwuf-leaning congregation Ahlussunnah Wal Jama'ah.Usul Suluk teachings stem from the interpretation of the two sentences creed expressed in the introduction to the book: "La ilaha illallah Asyhadu an Wahdahu La Syarikalahu, Wa anna Muhammadan Rasulullah Asyhadu". Then he outlines his teachings with a focus on mysticism by thinking usul al-Ghozali and Abu Syakur as-Salimi. Ushul mysticism teachings are a blend of description and Tasyawwuf Ushuluddin science or mystical monotheistic faith within the boundaries of the material Ahlussunnah Wal Jama'ah Polok revolved around three issues plus an assertion, namely:1. The study of God, which includes substance, nature and Af'al his2. The study of the relationship between man and God,3. The study of the problem Ru'yat (ability to see) Allah, and4. Tanbih, in addition to the purpose of the book is expressed as a reminder to always do pious, piety, and holding fast and keeping Sharia limits.In the first part of the contents of Primbon, Sunan Bonang discussion about God include the establishment of the various understandings and teachings of monotheism and the deity is right where the contents of the description he's basically just a summary and free translation of the Ihya 'Ulumuddin and Tamhid book. Besides, it also revealed how the misguided teachings and ideology of monotheism and God, which according to him, could lead to a pagan adherents.Sunan Bonang discussion of two themes above includes a description of ma'rifat Essence of God, the nature of God and ma'rifat Ma'rifat Af'al God revealed by the method of dialogue catechism, which form a question and answer dialogue between teacher and student where the student asks a then answered by the teacher with a description of the material above.In part, also revealed 12 kinds of views on monotheism and divine teachings were considered heretical and worthy dubbed "wong sasar" by the standards of the four schools, namely:1. The view that: "i (ng) kang ana iku God, i (ng) kang ora ana iku Allah, Allah oraning den tegesake iku andade'aken ora. (There is a God who is not God, the meaning of absence is no mejadikan).2. This view of God which states: "yeah yeah namane kersane, iya iya namane dzate, yes Essence (e) yes kersane. Iku among paekan tan weruh ing ing panunggale ". (His name is also that of His will, His name is also that of His Essence, Essence of Him that His will ...).Both expressions above are considered heretical because it can mess up an understanding of the oneness of God.3. The views Kawabatiniyah (psychotherapy) were attributed by Sunan Bonang as "literary atunggal anging apatut tan" or cavalier in word but inappropriate and not in accordance with reason as opposed to basic usul mysticism contained in the book Ihya 'and Tamhid.4. An odd view which states: "Kadi anggrupa'aken sifating Pengeran, kadi akecap: sekatahing of being iku sifating God, kadi ngana'aken ing nora, kadi ama'duamen ing God. This view is kufr.5. The view which considers that in mortal 'occurs Ittihad (mix) between servant and Lord (servant - God) as berpadunya river estuary with sea water. This according to him is a perverted and heretical penta'wilan contrary to the word of Allah swt.: "Yal Bahraini Marajal Taqiyani bainahuma Barzahun La yabgiyani".6. Karamiyah understood, an understanding that equate God with the creature, founded by Abdullah Muhammad ibn Karamiyah who insisted that God sits on His throne in the Throne, where he menjisimkan Essence of God.7. Understanding which states that "the nature of the Essence iku ing ana, ana ing asthma was deweke", an understanding which generalize the properties, Essence and asthma 'Allah.8. Understand who argued that "the nature of nature, the Essence of the Essence", which assumes that the existence of the One and the nature of the two states, each of which stands alone.







I'badiyah
Ibadi Muslim groups that are rooted in the Quran and hadith with the main focus being the humble servant of God. This group scattered in different groups of Muslims both Sunni and Shia with his jurisprudence. [Citation needed] This flow is the dominant flow in Oman. The belief is that each of the Ibadi Muslim brothers and only God will judge mankind.The Ibadi concerned ukhuwah Islamiyya than hostile hostile or simply because different schools of flow. Suffice it expects beliefs are called servants of God are called to enter into His heaven.This group are followers of Abdullah Ibn Ibadh. It is the group's most modert from around the Khawaarij. [15] They argued that marriage and inheritance among them and the people - Muslims who disagree with the They are legitimate. Country people - Muslims who disagree with them are country Tawheed, except Sultan army base, it is the land of heresy. They are willing to accept the testimony of people - those who disagree with them. They argue that human action is God made, but cultivated by man himself. They do not want to call their priest with the title "Commander of mu'minin" and did not call themselves the immigrants, they do not allow fighting people - people who disagree denagn them, but after doing da'wah first.
Khawarij known for ketidaksudian and unwillingness to compromise with any party deemed contradictory and contrary to the opinions and thoughts, so comes some sectarian group (splinter) of the flow of these Khawarij sect each tend to choose their own priests and considered as the only community the true Muslims.Islamic teachings contained in the Qur'an and Hadith, and must be construed according lafadz fully defined. Their faith and understand the faith and understanding of simple people into thinking again narrow fanatics that make sense and they can not tolerate deviation from the teachings of Islam even if only in the form of small deviations.This is what causes the Khawarij easily divided into small sects and in constant opposition to the rulers of Islam and Muslims that exist in his time.Regarding the number of Khawarij sect, scholars disagree, Abu Musa al-Asy'ary said more than 20 sects, Al-Baghdady found there are 20 sects, Al-Syahristani said 18 sects, Mustafa al-Syak'ah found there are 8 major sects, namely al-Muhakkimah, al-Azariqah, al-Najdat, al-Baihasiyah, al-Ajaridah, al-Saalibah, al-Ibadiah and al-Sufriyah. Muhammad Abu Zahrah 4 describes the al-Najdat sect, al-Sufriyah, al-Ajaridah and al-Ibadiah. Harun Nasution While there are 6 important sects are:1. Al-MuhakkimahAl-Khawarij group Muhakkimah regarded as the original (precursor flow Khawarij) because it consists of the followers of Ali ibn Abi Talib, who rebelled and out of the line of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Major al-Muhakkimah comes from the motto of their doctrine li la illa allah hukma referring to the QS 6: 57: In al-li hukmu illa allah (it was only right to establish God's law). They reject the arbitration because it is contrary to God's command in Sura 49: 9 that sent rebels fighting (bughat) until they return to the path of Allah.This cult leader named Abdullah bin Wahab al-Risbi were crowned after coming out of the line of Ali ibn Abi Talib. In understanding this sect Ali, Muawiyah and all the people involved and agree to arbitration has been accused of being infidels for having deviated from the teachings of Islam by QS5: 44.The sect is also found that people who commit major sins such as killing without right and adultery are infidels.1. Al-AzariqahSect al-Azariqah born around the year 60 AH (End of the 7th century AD) on the border between Iraq and Iran. Major al-Azariqah attributed to the sect leader named Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hanafi Hanzali, son of former Greek slave. As Caliph Nafi was given the title amir al-believers. According to al-Baghdadi sect supporters numbering more than 20 thousand people. Understanding of thinking is more extreme sects (radical), including:1. Muslims who are not willing to take sides or to work with them apostates.2. People who reject the teachings of al-Azariqah is polytheistic.3. Followers of al-Azariqah are not berhijarah (exodus) to the territory they considered idolatrous as well.4. All Muslims are polytheists may be captured or killed, including their wives and children.5. The practice isti'rad means to assess and investigate the beliefs of their opponents. People who do not qualify for this study was sentenced to death, including women and children, because the children of the polytheists will be cursed with his parents.Based on the principles and ideas, the followers of al-Azariqah much the killing of fellow Muslims who are outside of their territory. They consider their area as dar al-islam, outside the area considered dar al-kufr (the area controlled / governed infidels).In the year 684 AD Azariqah sect al-Khawarij is letting other people in Basrah undergoing a tense battle in southern Iraq and Iran, finally all met their deaths as martyrs according to their expectations.1. Al-NajdatNaming is attributed to the sect leader named Najdah bin Amir al-Hanafi, local authorities Yamamah and Bahrain. The birth of this sect as a reaction to the opinion Nafi (the leader of al-Azariqah) were considered too extreme. The opinion rejected Nafi is about:1. Polytheism followers of al-Azariqah who do not want to move to the area of ​​al-Azariqah.2. Permissibility of killing children or wives who are considered idolatrous.Followers of al-Nafi Najdat look and people who recognize him as the Caliph had become kafir. Understand the theology of al-Najdat the most important are:1. Muslims who disagree with the flow are considered infidels and will go to eternal hell in it.2. Followers of al-Najdat not be eternal hell even commit a great sin.3. Small Sins can increase its position to a major sin if done continuously.4. The existence taqiyah understand that Muslims can hide the identity of faith for the sake of her safety. In this case allowed to say the words or act contrary to his beliefs.In a further development of this sect had split. This sect of important figures such as Abu Fudaik and Rashid al-Tawil formed opposition groups against al-Najdat that ended with the killing of al-najdat in the year 69 AH (688 AD).
1. Al-AjaridahThis cult leader is Abdul Karim bin Ajarrad. Thought this sect more moderate than the thought of al-Azariqah. The sect is found:1. There is no obligation to move to the al-Ajaridah region.2. It should not be at war except confiscate property slain.3. Small children can not be categorized idolaters.4. Letter Joseph was not part of the Qur'an, because the Qur'an as the holy book is not worth a story of romance as contained in the letter yusuf.5. Al-SufriyahSect brings understanding similar to understand al-Azariqah but rather soft. Major al-Sufriyah derived from the name of their leader by the name of Zaid bin Asfar. The opinion of the sect al-Sufriyah the most important are:1. Non Khawarij Muslims are polytheists, but may stay with them in the peace agreement (cease-fire) as long as it does not interfere and attack.2. Infidel or kafir contains double meaning kufr al-favors (favors denying God) and kufr bi Allah (Allah deny). Kufr al-favors by no means out of Islam.3. Taqiyah justified only in the form of words, it is not justified in the form of actions (deeds).4. Muslim woman to marry a pagan man if her security is threatened.5. Al-IbadiyahThe sect is born by Abdullah ibn Ibad al-Murri al-Tamimi year 686 AD The doctrine of this sect are most important are:1. Muslims who commit major sins can not be said to be believers, but muwahhid.2. Dar al-kufr is the headquarters of the government that must be fought, while the outside is called dar al-Tawheed and should not be fought.3. That may be a treasure booty is horses and war equipment.4. Muslims non Khawarij are those who are not religious but not of the idolaters 8.Sect al-Ibadiyah as the most moderate faction in the flow and the Khawarij are Khawarij sect that survived until modern times. They produce a number of mutakallimin (theologians) of the earliest in Islam and are willing to live in peace with other Muslims who do not mistreat them. The majority of Muslims and the ruling families in the Sultanate of Oman is Ibadiyah. The sect is also found in Mzab and Wargla (Algeria), Jerba island off the east coast of Tunisia, Nafusa and Zuwaghah (Libya), Zanzibar and several villages in East Africa. Now the number is not more than a million people.The Khawaarij extreme and radical, even though they as a group have been lost in the history, teachings they still have an influence, although not much in Islamic societies today.

Contoh Proposal Skripsi Sastra Pendidikan BAB III

BAB III

METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

A. Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian

1. Lokasi Penelitian

            Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengambil objektif penelitian di SMK Harapan Mekar 2 Medan tahun pembelajaran 2012/2013. Pemilihan lokasi ini didasarkan atas beberapa pertimbangan yaitu :

1. Sepengetahuan penulis di SMK Swasta Harapan Mekar 2 Medan belum pernah dilakukan penelitian yang sama.
2. Data yang diperlukan oleh peneliti untuk menjawab masalah ini memungkinkan diperoleh di sekolah tersebut.

2. Waktu Penelitian

            Pelaksanaan penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama 3 bulan, yaitu dari bulan Maret 2013 sampai bulan Juni 2013.

Tabel 3.1.

Rencana Jadwal Pelaksanaan Penelitian

B. Populasi dan Sampel

1. Populasi

            Arikunto (2006:130) populasi adalah subjek penelitian. Apabila seseorang ingin meneliti semua elemen yang ada di dalam wilayah penelitian, maka penelitiannya merupakan penelitian populasi. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas X SMK Swasta Harapan Mekar 2 Medan tahun pelajaran 2012-2013 yang terdiri dari empat kelas dengan jumlah 125 orang. Adapun perincian populasi tersebut dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut ini :

Tabel 3.2.

Jumlah siswa kelas X SMA Swasta Harapan Mekar2 Medan

2. Sampel

            Jika kita hanya akan meneliti sebagian dari populasi, maka penelitian disebut penelitian sampel. Sampel adalah sebagian atau wakil populasi yang diteliti, karena kelas dari populasi itu terdiri dari empat kelas, maka dalam penelitian ini diambil hanya dua kelas saja sebagai sampel. Berdasarkan undian yang dilakukan, kelas X AK¹ terpilih sebagai kelas eksperimen sedangkan kelas X AP¹ dijadikan sebagai kelas kontrol. Arikunto (2006:134) menyatakan “Untuk sekedar ancer-ancer, maka apabila subjeknya kurang dari 100, lebih baik diambil semua sehingga penelitian merupakan penelitian populasi. Tetapi, jika jumlah subjeknya besar, dapat diambil antara 10-15% atau 20-25%.

C. Metode Penelitian

            Metode penelitian memegang peranan penting dalam sebuah penelitian yang dipakai sebagai alat untuk membantu dalam memecahkan masalah dan membuktikan hipotesis. Sesuai pendapat Djamarah (2006:75) menyatakan “Metode adalah salah satu alat untuk mencapai tujuan. Dengan memanfaatkan metode secara akurat, guru akan mampu mencapai tujuan pengajaran”.

            Berdasarkan pendapat di atas, maka dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode eksperimen. Penelitian ini berupaya melihat pengaruh metode The Learning Cell dalam hasil belajar membuat parafrasa dari teks tertulis.

Tabel 3.3.

Langkah-langkah Eksperimen

 

D. Variabel Penelitian

            Variabel penelitian adalah gejala yang terdapat dalam suatu masalah penelitian yang memiliki identitas yang dapat diukur. Dalam penelitian ini terdapat dua variabel yang dijadikan dalam pengajaran hipotesis yaitu variabel bebas (X) dan variabel terikat (Y).

E. Definisi Operasional Variabel

1.      Pengaruh adalah daya yang ada atau timbul dari sesuatu

2.      Metode The Learning Cell adalah bentuk belajar kooperatif dalam bentuk berpasangan, dimana siswa bertanya dan menjawab pertanyaan secara bergantian berdasarkan materi bacaan yang sama.

3.      Kemampuan adalah kesanggupan, kecakapan atau kekuatan

4.      Menulis adalah aktivitas seseorang dalam menuangkan ide-ide, pikiran dan perasaan secara logis dan sistematis dalam bentuk tertulis sehingga pesan tersebut dapat dipahami oleh pembaca.

5.      Paragraf argumentasi adalah bagian dari suatu karangan yang berisi seperangkat kalimat yang tersusun secara logis dan sistematis.

6.      Argumentasi adalah tulisan yang bertujuan untuk mempengaruhi sikap dan pendapat orang lain yang dirangkai dari beberapa kalimat bersumber dari fakta, pendapat dari hasil pengamatan.

F. Instrumen Penelitian

            Instrumen penelitian ialah sesuatu yang digunakan untuk menjaring data penelitian. Dalam penelitian in instrumen yang digunakan ialah tes essai satu soal.

 

G. Teknik Analisis Data

            Untuk menganalisis data penelitian ini digunakan teknik dan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut :

1. Menetapkan atau menghitung skor/ nilai mentah tiap-tiap anggota sampel, baik variabel x maupun variabel y.
2. Mencari skor/ nilai rata-rata baik untuk hasil tes (yang menggunakan metode The Learning Cell) maupun tes (yang tidak menggunakan metode The Learning Cell) dengan cara menjumlahkan semua nilai siswa dibagi jumlah siswa.
3. Menentukan kemampuan membuat parafrasa dari teks tertulis dengan menggunakan metode The Learning Cell dan kemampuan membuat parafrasa dari teks tertulis tanpa menggunakan metode The Learning Cell.

Berdasarkan peringkat yang dikemukakan Arikunto (2007:245) sebagai berikut :

Nilai :   10        = Istimewa

            8,5-9    = Sangat Baik

            7,5-8    = Baik

            6,5-7    = Lebih dari Cukup

            6          = Cukup

            5,5-5    = Kurang

            < 5       = Sangat Kurang

4. Mencari besar perbedaan hasil membuat parafrasa dari teks tertulis kelas X yang diajarkan dengan menggunakan metode The Learning Cell dengan siswa